In this paper, we argue that there are patterns of innovation occurring in less economically developed countries (LEDCs) that have been historically overlooked by the innovation studies literature, including the literature on innovation systems and the triple helix. This paper briefly surveys cases in agriculture, banking, biomedicine and information and communications technologies that demonstrate organizational, scientific and technological innovation in Africa, South Asia, and Brazil. In particular, we track new developments in two distinctive patterns within LEDCs: (1) civil society as (...) a site of innovation and; (2) innovation through appropriation. By systematically uncovering patterns of innovation in LEDCs, science and technology policy scholars may make new theoretical gains in innovation studies that can potentially contribute to innovation policies in the global South. (shrink)

As scientific and engineering efforts become increasingly global in nature, the need to understand differences in perceptions of research ethics issues across countries and cultures is imperative. However, investigations into the connection between nationality and ethical decision-making in the sciences have largely generated mixed results. In Study 1 of this paper, a measure of biases and compensatory strategies that could influence ethical decisions was administered. Results from this study indicated that graduate students from the United States and international graduate students (...) studying in the US are prone to different biases. Based on these findings, recommendations are made for developing ethics education interventions to target these decision-making biases. In Study 2, we employed an ethics training intervention based on ethical sensemaking and used a well-established measure of ethical decision-making that more fully captures the content of ethical judgment. Similar to Study 1, the results obtained in this study suggest differences do exist between graduate students from the US and international graduate students in ethical decision-making prior to taking the research ethics training. However, similar effects were observed for both groups following the completion of the ethics training intervention. (shrink)

As scientific and engineering efforts become increasingly global in nature, the need to understand differences in perceptions of research ethics issues across countries and cultures is imperative. However, investigations into the connection between nationality and ethical decision-making in the sciences have largely generated mixed results. In Study 1 of this paper, a measure of biases and compensatory strategies that could influence ethical decisions was administered. Results from this study indicated that graduate students from the United States and international graduate students (...) studying in the US are prone to different biases. Based on these findings, recommendations are made for developing ethics education interventions to target these decision-making biases. In Study 2, we employed an ethics training intervention based on ethical sensemaking and used a well-established measure of ethical decision-making that more fully captures the content of ethical judgment. Similar to Study 1, the results obtained in this study suggest differences do exist between graduate students from the US and international graduate students in ethical decision-making prior to taking the research ethics training. However, similar effects were observed for both groups following the completion of the ethics training intervention. (shrink)

Science studies scholars often study up to high-tech elites who produce and design scientific knowledge and technology. Methodological tension begins when you pair a desire to study down to less economically developed countries, with the desire to study up to high-tech elites within them. This becomes further complicated when the ethnographer and his/her informants share professional interests and credentials. In these situations, the researcher has high status because of geopolitical privilege. However, the researcher is neither a high-tech elite nor a (...) local cultural elite. How might the ethnographer successfully access and navigate field sites imbued with these unseen power differentials? There are currently no visual mapping tools to enhance the process of reflexivity by feminist ethnographers, as they consider their globally embedded multiple, hierarchical, and situated positionality. This reflection methodology piece provides a tool to consider this phenomenon, as it exists across the Global North/south divide of power. Such a tool would be useful to northern ethnographers to better strategize ethics and access while avoiding complicity with structures of inequality and empowering their southern interlocutors. (shrink)

Over the past 25 years, no religious institution in America has done more to explore the link between the environment and spirituality than the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. Now, for the first time, a selection of the finest of the Cathedral's ecological sermons appears in a single volume.

Appellate Court Modifications Extraction consists of, given an Appellate Court decision, identifying the proposed modifications by the upper Court of the lower Court judge’s decision. In this work, we propose a system to extract Appellate Court Modifications for Portuguese. Information extraction for legal texts has been previously addressed using different techniques and for several languages. Our proposal differs from previous work in two ways: our corpus is composed of Brazilian Appellate Court decisions, in which we look for a set of (...) modifications provided by the Court; and to automatically extract the modifications, we use a traditional Machine Learning approach and a Deep Learning approach, both as alternative solutions and as a combined solution. We tackle the Appellate Court Modifications Extraction task, experimenting with a wide variety of methods. In order to train and evaluate the system, we have built the KauaneJunior corpus, using public data disclosed by the Appellate State Court of Rio de Janeiro jurisprudence database. Our best method, which is a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network combined with Conditional Random Fields, obtained an \ score of 94.79%. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze, from a Bakhtinian perspective, the grotesque construction of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo’s body through a religious worldview. Therefore, we analyze two of her self-portraits, taking into account the dialogic relations constructed between the grotesque representations and Catholic symbology. The analyzed utterances, in which the specificities of the creative competence of the author-creator in her aesthetic activity are inferred, showed that a dialogue is established between the painting El venado herido and Catholic Saint Sebastian and (...) between the painting Las dos fridas and the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. (shrink)

O ensino de filosofia para/com crianças: uma revisão sistemática da literatura Resumo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar, na literatura existente, quais os estudos sobre filosofia para/com crianças que investigam sobre as experiências das crianças nessa prática. Por meio de uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL), realizada em três etapas: planejamento, seleção e extração, em cinco bases de dados diferentes, encontramos trinta e três (33) pesquisas sobre o ensino de filosofia para crianças (Philosophy for Children), porém, apenas duas (2) (...) pesquisas que abordam especificamente sobre as experiências das crianças com o ensino de filosofia. Por meio dessa Revisão, desejamos contribuir com as pesquisas sobre Filosofia para Crianças. Palavras-chave: Crianças; Filosofia; Infância; Revisão. The teaching philosophy to/with children: a sistematic review of literature Abstract: The presente study aims to indetify, in the existing literature, which studies on philosophy for / with children that investigate children’s experience in this practice. Through Sistematic Literature Review (SLR), carried out in the three stages: planning, selection and extraction, in five different databases, we found thirty-three (33) researches on teaching philosophy to children, however, only two (2) surveys that specifically address children’s experiences with teaching philosophy. Through this Review we wish to contribute to research on Philosophy for Children. Keywords: Children; Philosophy; Childhood; Review. La enseñanza de la filosofía con/para niños: una revisión sistemática de la literatura Resumen: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar, en la literatura existente, qué estudios de filosofía para / con niños que investigan las experiencias de los niños en esta práctica. Mediante una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura (RSL), realizada en tres etapas: planificación, selección y extracción, en cinco bases de datos diferentes, encontramos treinta y tres (33) investigaciones sobre la enseñanza de la filosofía a los niños (Filosofía para Niños) sin embargo, solo dos (2) encuestas que abordan específicamente las experiencias de los niños con la enseñanza de la filosofía. A través de esta revisión, deseamos contribuir a la investigación sobre Filosofía para Niños. Palabras Clave: Niños; Filosofía; Infancia; Revisión. Data de registro: 07/01/2021 Data de aceite: 22/09/2021. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in (...) the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

A global Christian manifesto in which contributors examine attributes of God--the ones that are most understood in today's culture and the ones that need to be ...

A brief introduction to the life and work of William Paley, including a discussion of the structure of his famous design argument.

Recent authors, emphasizing Newman’s distaste for natural theology—especially William Paley’s design argument—have urged us to follow Newman’s lead and reject design arguments. But I argue that Newman’s own argument for God’s existence (his argument from conscience) fails without a supplementary design argument or similar reason to think our faculties are truth-oriented. In other words, Newman appears to need the kind of argument he explicitly rejects. Finding Newman’s rejection of natural theology to stem primarily from factors other than worries about cogency, (...) however, I further argue that there is little reason not to pursue design arguments in order to save the argument from conscience. (shrink)

A review of Robert. B. Stewart's edited volume concerning a discussion between William Dembski and Michael Ruse. Further contributions are included from William Lane Craig and others.

This lavishly illustrated book highlights the conservation importance of congregatory animals species--those which gather in vast groups. It also focuses on the irreplaceability of the congregation sites which are able to support such large gatherings of animals, fish, or birds.

Neste artigo, pretendo discutir alguns problemas que emergem da associação, já comum na literatura secundária, entre o último dualismo pulsional freudiano, baseado na oposição entre pulsões de vida e de morte, e as teses schopenhauerianas sobre a vida e a morte derivadas de sua metafísica da vontade. A partir de uma confrontação com as leituras de Marcel Zentner e Stephan Atzert, argumentarei a favor da hipótese de que a diferença mais relevante entre os modelos de Freud e de Schopenhauer não (...) diz respeito à distinção no plano ontológico entre dualismo das pulsões e monismo da vontade, mas sim entre sentido biológico e sentido ético da suposta finalidade associada à morte, como “fim” ou “objetivo” da vida. Minha discussão, portanto, gira em torno de uma distinção quanto ao estatuto teleológico que se pode atribuir à dinâmica da relação entre vida e morte nos dois autores. (shrink)

This paper corresponds to the first of two parts that make up a study on the question of teleology in the notes of the young Nietzsche between 1867 and 1869. On the whole, the study intends to offer a reading of three sets of notes written by the philosopher in that period: Zu Schopenhauer, Zur Teleologie, and Vom Ursprung der Sprache, with a clear focus on the notes on teleology of 1868. My aim is to try to show that, despite (...) Nietzsche's various criticisms of teleology and his apparent adherence (via Lange) to Darwinism, his position is best understood as a kind of vitalism, which is receptive to the idea of an unconscious intentionality in nature, but which explicitly rejects the anthropomorphically inflated conception of a divine designer. In this first part of the study, I focus on an analysis of the text Zu Schopenhauer and part of the set of notes collected under the title Zur Teleologie. (shrink)

This paper deals with the so-called Cartesian ‘epistemological turn’. Taking the old term ‘idea’ to be the core of his metaphysics, Descartes deployed it in a new way. In fact, Descartes broke with the traditional Platonic-Augustian conception of ‘ideas’ as ontological beings. In his view, ideas are mental or psychological entities. Descartes advances this position in accordance with a revolutionary theory of perception and a new conception of mind, both outcomes of his denial of scholastic empiricism. What emerges from this (...) is a revival of the doctrine of innate ideas, which shapes the philosophical debates in the second half of the seventeenth-century and is responsible for the rise of epistemology or theory of knowledge as an autonomous discipline. (shrink)

Neste artigo, pretendo discutir o problema da vida em Schopenhauer a partir da perspectiva de sua metafísica da natureza, que implica uma concepção teleológica da evolução das formas de manifestação da vontade segundo uma hierarquia de seus graus de objetivação. Meu ponto de partida é a fórmula schopenhaueriana mediante a qual o autor apresenta sua concepção básica acerca da essência de todo fenômeno: a “vontade de vida”. Investigarei se e em que medida a noção de vida que encontramos em sua (...) filosofia da natureza, a partir do conceito de “força vital”, o compromete ou ao menos o aproxima de uma posição que podemos chamar de vitalista, e isso com base na distinção entre três sentidos e graus de abrangência que podemos atribuir a uma tal posição: desde uma posição menos onerosa do ponto de vista metafísico e mais moderada no que diz respeito às suas pretensões, a uma posição mais radical, estrita, universalista e metafisicamente mais robusta. O trabalho que se segue é a primeira parte de um estudo sobre o problema da vida e da força vital em Schopenhauer, que será continuado numa segunda parte. (shrink)

As chamadas políticas de identidade estão hoje enfatizadas entre os debates educacionais em esfera global-local, reiterando, na luta discursiva, significantes como currículo, cultura, alteridade e diferença. A aposta em termos como diálogo e tolerância não tem sido casual. No Brasil, as demandas da diferença vêm sendo objeto de múltiplas articulações políticas, sobretudo, desde os anos pós-ditadura militar em meio a estratégias e tensões que ressignificam, segundo o contexto, acordos e dissensos. Em jogos de poder, questões circunscritas pela ênfase em raça/ (...) etnia, gênero e sexualidade, principalmente, tem ocupado espaços de discussões. O objetivo deste trabalho, nesse contexto, indubitavelmente conflituoso, é argumentar em defesa da compreensão dos processos híbridos de subjetivação, ampliando espaços para a diferença e para a ambivalência, em vez do enfoque na luta entre opostos com base em sujeitos pré-dados. Assim, distanciando-me da dialética hegeliana, procurei tecer no presente texto um diálogo com o pesquisador indo-britânico Homi Bhabha, bem como algumas das suas bases epistemológicas e filosóficas, cujo escopo teórico e político tem sido reler e ressignificar os debates da diversidade e do multiculturalismo sob a ótica pós-colonial dos fluxos e do hibridismo. Nesse sentido, currículo está longe de ser pensado por limites eficientistas e instrumentais, tal como documento, como grade curricular, como base estrutural. Em uma abordagem não realista, currículo é pensado como uma política cultural, constitutivo pela contingência, entendido como a própria luta pela enunciação do que vem a ser currículo, a qual se dá, inexoravelmente, no terceiro espaço ou nos interstícios, conforme propõe Bhabha. Palavras-chave: currículo. Subjetivação. Política. Diferença. Política cultural. (shrink)

Suppose you take a tour of the Louvre, that great museum in Paris housing one of the finest art collections in the world. As you walk through the museum, you come across a painting by someone named Leonardo da Vinci -- the Mona Lisa. Suppose this is your first exposure to da Vinci -- you hadn't heard of him or seen the Mona Lisa before. What could you conclude? Certainly you could conclude that da Vinci was a consummate painter. Nevertheless, (...) just from the Mona Lisa you couldn't conclude that da Vinci was also a consummate engineer, musician, scientist, and inventor, whose ideas were centuries ahead of their time. (shrink)

Theoretisch befanden sich die falschen Linien in der Theorie der liberalen Demokratie schon immer an mindestens zwei wichtigen Stellen: im Prozess oder Prozedere und im Resultat. Was das Erste betrifft, so bestand das Problem darin, dass versucht wurde sicherzustellen, dass der „Wille des Volkes“ – oder zumindest der der relevanten Menschen, der wählbaren Wähler – durch anschauliche, praktische Mechanismen zum Ausdruck kommt. Entsprechend dem Konsens der bedeutendsten Theoretiker der liberalen Demokratie in der neueren Vergangenheit gelten als solche Mechanismen die Wahlen (...) für Repräsentativorgane und die nachfolgenden Stimmen der Wahlsieger. Doch auf jedem Schritt stoßen wir auf Instanzen der gewählten Regierungen, die die Mehrheitsansichten desselben Personenkreises, von dem sie ursprünglich gewählt worden waren, preisgeben. Die Theorie der liberalen Demokratie besagt, dass solange angebrachte Verfahren zum Ausdruck des Willens der Mehrheit angewandt werden im Hinblick darauf, wer sie vertreten soll, die Vertreter berechtigt sind, gegen den manifesten Willen des Volkes zu stimmen. Doch dies ist natürlich ein offensichtlicher Widerspruch. Was die Frage der Resultate betrifft, so hat sich die neueste Theorie der liberalen Demokratie eine noch tiefere Grube gegraben, da sie sich vom Begriff des Allgemeinwohls abgewandt hat, zu dem zumindest einige frühere Theoretiker in dieser Tradition standen. Die Theorie der liberalen Demokratie hat sich letztlich selbst jegliche kritische Funktion in Bezug auf die Resultate abgesprochen. Statt dessen ist sie gezwungen, jedes Ergebnis zu ratifizieren, ohne Rücksicht darauf, wie offensichtlich es irreführend oder sogar tragisch sein mag, solange es das Erzeugnis einer akzeptierten autoritativen Bündels von Verfahren und Institutionen ist. Eine neue theoretische Richtung wird sicherlich gegen alle Elemente ankämpfen müssen, die größtenteils im Rawlsschen Ansatz und den Schriften der meisten seiner liberaldemokratischen Mitläufer fehlen: mit Macht, Gewalt, Domination, Ideologie, Entschlüssen, Deutungen, politischem Ausdruck, Revolution, Geschichte, Ökonomie, Biopolitik. Was wir dringend brauchen, sind neue Modelle sozialer und politischer Philosophie! (shrink)

Vīmśatikā ranks among the world's most misunderstood texts but Kumārila's historic refutation allows Vīmśatikā to be read in its own text-historical context. This compelling, radically revolutionary re-reading of Vīmśatikā delineates a hermeneutic of humor indispensable to discerning its medicinal message.

Henricus Regius ou Henri LeRoy, outrora amigo e divulgador da filosofia de Descartes, agora escrevendo como adversário de seu antigo mestre, publica em Utrecht um panfleto anônimo sobre a natureza da mente humana. No intuito de evitar que as teses apresentadas por seu ex-discípulo fossem tomadas como suas, Descartes decide, então, refutar as opiniões defendidas no panfleto de Regius. É precisamente o texto produzido por Descartes nessa ocasião que é traduzido a seguir. Esse texto, aparentemente impresso sem o consentimento de (...) seu autor em dezembro de 1647, marca o ponto final da relação entre o filósofo francês e o professor de medicina. O texto latino aqui traduzido foi extraído da edição realizada por Charles Adam e Paul Tannery das Oeuvres complètes de Descartes, Paris, Vrin, tomo VIII, pp. 341-369. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as implicações críticas da imunização biopolítica da vida humana a partir das reflexões de Roberto Esposito, problematizando a seguinte questão: em tempos de pandemia viral e, consequentemente, de Estados emergenciais, de que maneira o paradigma imunitário atua sobre a vida humana? A hipótese que gostaríamos de desenvolver parte do relevo de que, em crises agudas, o paradigma imunitário é tensionado ao seu limite, convergindo para a produção de Estados de emergência segundo os quais (...) são responsáveis por introduzir políticas nefastas de produção tanto da vida quanto da morte. Para validar nossa hipótese e desenvolver o objetivo e a problemática da pesquisa, o presente texto se organiza em dois momentos: primeiramente, nosso intuito consiste em apresentar brevemente a reflexão de Esposito acerca do paradigma imunitário; em seguida, temos como fito analisar criticamente o estado de pandemia viral à luz do paradigma imunitário, buscando encontrar vestígios de como tal ferramenta conceitual nos permite desenvolver uma interpretação para o tempo presente. (shrink)

Pretendemos, neste texto, analisar a arquegenealogia da potência (do comum) desenvolvida por Giorgio Agamben. Para alcançar esse objetivo, nosso texto investiga algumas noções centrais nos pensamentos de Aristóteles, Averróis e Dante, articulando um fio condutor em torno do debate sobre o intelecto, a potência e o comum. A partir dos entrecruzamentos teóricos que vai-se desenvolvendo ao longo das doutrinas de cada pensador, buscamos, em Agamben, fundamentar e concatenar criticamente a doutrina da potência comum, sobremodo voltando-nos à possibilidade de pensar a (...) teoria de uma potência desativadora. (shrink)

Esse artigo representa nossa crença de que é possível introduzir o pensamento de Boécio a partir de um dos problemas mais recorrentes da filosofia, o problema dos futuros contingentes, explicitando, a partir daquela problemática é claro, quais as ligações mais fundamentais entre três de suas obras, seus dois comentários ao De Interpretatione de Aristóteles e sua Consolaçáo da Filosofia , e, de forma bastante resumida evidentemente, como o alcance do pensamento contido nessas obras chega até pelo menos a filosofia kantiana.

A recepção de Nietzsche da filosofia transcendental de Kant é intermediada por diversos autores de diferentes tendências filosóficas que se viam em continuidade com o projeto kantiano de uma filosofia crítica. Um desses autores é Afrikan Spir, filósofo que levou a cabo um programa de renovação da filosofia crítica que ia na contramão da tendência hegemônica na segunda metade do século XIX de naturalização do kantismo. A influência de Spir na construção de algumas das teses epistemológicas centrais do pensamento de (...) Nietzsche é variada, assim como sua importância no que tange à recepção e à crítica nietzscheana ao idealismo transcendental. Nietzsche se apropriou e reinterpretou várias teses e temas presentes na reformulação da teoria kantiana do transcendental proposta por Spir. O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar o alcance e a importância dessa apropriação e suas consequências para a crítica de Nietzsche ao transcendentalismo. Esta crítica é formulada a partir do pensamento do devir, que constitui a base do seu programa de uma filosofia histórica. Nietzsche's reception of Kant's transcendental philosophy is mediated by various authors from different philosophical tendencies who saw themselves in continuity with the kantian project of critical philosophy. One of these authors is Afrikan Spir, a philosopher who undertook a program of renovation of critical philosophy that went against the tendency of naturalization of kantianism which was hegemonic in the second half of the 19th century. Spir's influence on some of Nietzsche's central epistemological theses is variegated, as well as his importance concerning Nietzsche's reception and criticism of transcendental idealism. Nietzsche appropriated and reinterpreted many theses and themes that featured Spir's reformulation of Kant's theory of the transcendental. The objective of this paper is to investigate the reach and the importance of this appropriation and their consequences for Nietzsche's criticism of transcendentalism. This critique is formulated on the basis of the thought of becoming, which provides, on its part, the basis for his program of a historical philosophy. (shrink)

_Abstract_: Rather than seeking a common architecture for cognitive processing, this paper argues that we should recognize that the brain employs multiple information processing structures. Many of these are manifest in brain areas outside the neocortex such as the hypothalamus, brain stem pattern generators, the basal ganglia, and various nuclei releasing neuromodulators. Rather than employing one mode of information processing, the brain employs multiple modes integrated in a heterarchical network. These in turn affect processing within the neocortex and together with (...) the neocortex regulate vertebrate behavior, including human. Cognitive science can better understand human information processing by attending to the plurality of information-processing architectures employed in the brain. _Keywords_: Basal Ganglia; Cognitive Architectures; Heterarchical Networks; Hypothalamus; Pattern Generators; Neuromodulators _Ripensare l’architettura cognitiva: una rete eterarchica di differenti tipi di elaborazione di informazione_ _Riassunto_: Anziché cercare un’architettura comune ai processi cognitivi, in questo lavoro si sosterrà che dovremmo riconoscere come il cervello impieghi molteplici strutture per processare l’informazione. Molte di loro si trovano nelle aree cerebrali esterne alla neocorteccia, come l’ipotalamo, i generatori di pattern del tronco encefalico, i gangli basali e i vari nuclei che rilasciano i neuromodulatori. Anziché impiegare un’unica modalità per l’elaborazione dell’informazione, il cervello usa molteplici modalità integrate in una rete eterarchica. Queste, a loro volta, influenzano i processi all’interno della neocorteccia e, assieme alla neocorteccia, regolano il comportamento dei vertebrati, compreso quello umano. La scienza cognitiva può meglio comprendere l’elaborazione dell’informazione da parte degli esseri umani concentrandosi sulla pluralità delle architetture impiegate nel cervello per realizzare questa elaborazione. _Parole chiave_: Gangli basali; Architetture cognitive; Reti eterarchiche; Ipotalamo; Generatori di pattern; Neuromodulatori. (shrink)